Bibliography

de Cauna, Jacques, “Dessalines esclave de Toussaint?” Outre-mers 99, no. 374-375 (2012): 319-322.

de Young, Maurice, “Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Charles Belair,” Journal of Inter-American Studies 2, no. 4  (1960): 449-456.

Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004.

Dubois, Laurent. “Dessalines Toro d’Haiti.” William and Mary Quarterly 69, no. 3 (2012): 541–548.

Gaffield, Julia. “Complexities of Imagining Haiti: A Study of National Constitutions.” Journal of Social History 41, no. 1 (2007): 81–103.

Gaffield, Julia. “Haiti and Jamaica in the Remaking of the Early Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World.” William and Mary Quarterly 69, no. 3 (2012): 583–613.

Gaffield, Julia. Haitian Connections in the Atlantic World: Recognition after Revolution. (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015).

Gaffield, Julia. ed. The Haitian Declaration of Independence: Creation, Context, and Legacy. (Charlottesville, VA: The University of Virginia Press, 2016).

Gérard, Laurent. Six études sur J. J. Dessalines. Port-au-Prince: Les Presses Libres, 1950.

Girard, Philippe R. “Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal.” William and Mary Quarterly 69, no. 3 (2012): 549–582.

Jean-Baptiste, St. Victor. Le fondateur devant l’histoire. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie Eben-Ezer, 1954.

Jenson, Deborah. “Before Malcolm X, Dessalines: A ‘French’ Tradition of Black Atlantic Radicalism.” International Journal of Francophone Studies 10, no. 3 (2007): 329–344.

Jenson, Deborah. “Sources and Interpretations: Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the African Character of the Haitian Revolution.” William and Mary Quarterly 69, no. 3 (2012): 615–638.

Lundahl, Mats, “Defense and distribution: Agricultural policy in Haiti during the reign of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, 1804-1806,” Scandinavian Economic History Review 32, no. 2 (1984): 77-103.

Mentor, Gaétan. Dessalines: L’esclave devenu empereur. Pétionville, Haiti: Gaétan Mentor, 2003.